１ .What are the approaches to the introduction of energy efficiency technology  development and transfer?  

２ . Why do disputes about energy efficiency products occur in  practice?

There is much dispute about the quality of energy efficiency products. Table 5 shows the causes of these disputes. From the table we can see that the quality of the energy efficiency products produced independently by enterprises and jointly  10  developed with research institutions is responsible for many problems, 43.4% and 65.1%, respectively. The last figure in particular is a cause for concern since it demonstrates the weakness of Research and Development (R&D) in China. Both R&D and technology transfer need to be strengthened. Although there are fewer quality problems with imported technologies and products from overseas, there are many problems with their installation and matching with original designs. About 43.3% of the technologies introduced from overseas are improperly used.

About 30% of imported energy efficiency products have problems due to improper installation and 30% of them do not match with the design.

4.3. Building energy efficiency service system

4.3.1. The design, consultancy services and construction of buildings

The survey has been carried out in 1079 design institutions, consultancy services and construction companies. The topics focused on were the following:  1. The pass rate of energy efficiency design standard implementation; 2.The pass rate of construction abiding by the energy efficient design; ３ .The pass rate of the actual energy efficiency of the buildings.

4.3.2. The building heating suppliers

The survey has been carried out in 71 heating suppliers and focused on the following three criteria:  

1. How much does heating efficiency increase due to upgrading the heat source and pipe network?  

2. How popular are central heating systems?  

3. How much would they accept to afford the cost of refurbishment of a heating system?

From the figure, we can see that there is little significant improvement in energy efficiency due to the refurbishment of heating supply systems. The investigation of 71 heating supply companies reveals that central heating systems account for about 35–40% of the total heating systems. The heating systems of newly built residential buildings have been designed and installed with thermostats to control the indoor air temperature. This increases costs by about 20 RMB/m2 compared with the old system. The average cost of refurbishment of the old heating system with a thermostat and  12  replacement of pipes and radiators will cost about  20–30 RMB/m2.

We investigated the acceptability of contributing different proportions of the cost of refurbishment. The percentages of the payment are grouped as ‘Not at all’. Fig. 9 shows the results. From the figure we can see that not many respondents like to pay the costs. This information is very useful for drafting the heating system  metering  payment system. About 42% of the refurbishments of the heating network did not achieve a 10% improvement in efficiency. The reform of the heating systems will focus on the improvement of energy efficiency to the end-user. The survey result reveals that the installation of thermostats and a metering payment system can achieve a 30% energy saving.

The combined heat and power system has a great potential for energy efficiency in buildings and therefore has a good prospect of becoming popular. The heating suppliers who are willing to undertake over 30% of the refurbishment costs are mainly the producers of combined heat and power. In China, heat resource suppliers charge heat supply agents for the heat while the heat supply agents charge the users by floor area.

摘要根据国务院“建筑节能管理条例”，在中国22个省会和主要城市进行了大规模的建筑节能调查。本项目的目的是为建设部制定“建筑节能强化决策”提